CONCLUSION: A consensus endorsed by the Confederation of European Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Societies is presented to improve the management and treatment of LPRD. The approved statements could improve collaborative research through the adoption of common management approaches to LPRD.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational quality of endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EE-DCR) videos on YouTube with Instructional Videos in Otorhinolaryngology by YO-IFOS (IVORY) and LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS) guidelines and to evaluate the correlation of the 2 guidelines. Methods: EE-DCR videos were queried using search terms on YouTube. Views, likes, likes/dislikes ratio, age, and length of videos were noted. Videos were...

CONCLUSION: The two treatments modulated the microbial profiles differently, and, most importantly, clinical responses might depend on the association between treatment and the dominant bacterial species colonising the nasal cavity. Further investigation into microbial-restorative strategies could enhance outcomes for better treatment of CRS.

Chronic cough is a common troublesome symptom in otolaryngology head and neck surgery practice. In rare cases, chronic cough may be related to anatomical abnormalities. In this article, we report the history of a 64-year-old female with a chronic course due to a curved superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and related irritation of the laryngeal superior nerve. The cough was atypical and resolved after the surgical resection of the abnormal cornu. There was no recurrence at 9 months...

CONCLUSION: ChatGPT-4 demonstrates an accuracy comparable to specialists to provide differential diagnosis for oral and maxillofacial diseases. Consistency of ChatGPT to provide diagnostic hypotheses for oral diseases cases is moderate, representing a weakness for clinical application. The quality of case documentation and descriptions impacts significantly on the performance of ChatGPT.

CONCLUSION: Adherence to a 4-month OT regimen can yield clinically meaningful improvements in both orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function among individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.

Background: Patients treated with definitive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) develop severe dysphagia, affecting their quality of life. Traditional prognosis biomarkers are insufficient, leading to a search for new predictors like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 44 NPC patients who underwent definitive radiotherapy between 2010 and 2018. EQUATOR and STROBE network guidelines were adopted....

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory condition affecting the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been implicated as a potential exacerbating factor in CRS, but the specific endoscopic features of nasopharyngeal pathology in this context remain poorly understood. Background and Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial disease with various underlying etiologies, including inflammation, anatomical factors, and environmental...

CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that SNP genotypes may guide personalized treatment strategies for CRS. Further larger prospective studies are required to confirm these initial observations.

To evaluate the response capabilities, in a public healthcare system otolaryngology job competition examination, of ChatGPT 3.5 and an internet-connected GPT-4 engine (Microsoft Copilot) with the real scores of otolaryngology specialists as the control group. In September 2023, 135 questions divided into theoretical and practical parts were input into ChatGPT 3.5 and an internet-connected GPT-4. The accuracy of AI responses was compared with the official results from otolaryngologists who took...

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CONCLUSIONS: Our review emphasizes the increasing importance of surgical approaches, specifically ligation or cauterization of the sphenopalatine artery, in addressing refractory cases. The low incidence of complications, predominantly temporary decreased lacrimation in patients undergoing ligation of the sphenopalatine artery, highlights the safety and feasibility of these interventions.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our prospective, randomized clinical trial aimed to address the debate regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics in sialendoscopy. Our study's findings suggest that the routine use antibiotics may not be necessary to prevent postoperative infections in sialendoscopy procedures. These results have important implications for clinical practice, potentially reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics and addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance and adverse...

The inaugural total laryngectomy in history was conducted by Billroth in 1873. Nevertheless, significant enhancements to the technique were achieved through the contributions of Gluck, Sorensen, and various other surgeons. Throughout the twentieth century, advancements in anesthesia, infectious disease, hospital hygiene, antibiotic therapy, resuscitation, and the expertise of numerous laryngologists elevated total laryngectomy to a pivotal surgical intervention in head and neck surgery. The...

Background: To investigate the perception of young European otolaryngologists (OTOs), i.e., head and neck surgeons, toward transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods: Members of the Young Confederation of European Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Young Otolaryngologists of International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies were surveyed about TORS perception and practice. Results: The survey was completed by 120 young OTOS (26%). The most important barriers to TORS were...

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CONCLUSIONS: While both LLMs demonstrated the potential to aid in the multidisciplinary management of head and neck oncology, discrepancies in certain critical areas highlight the need for further refinement. The study supports the growing role of AI in enhancing clinical decision-making but also emphasizes the necessity for continuous updates and validation against current clinical standards to integrate AI into healthcare practices fully.

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CONCLUSION: The RSA-10 is a reliable and valid clinical instrument for documenting the most prevalent laryngeal and extra-laryngeal findings associated with LPRD.

CONCLUSIONS: Lemierre syndrome should be suspected in patients with prolonged pharyngitis followed by unilateral neck swelling and fevers. Early diagnosis and prompt antibiotic therapy are key, given the potential for disastrous outcomes if untreated. An increased awareness of Lemierre syndrome facilitates its timely management.

Objectives: To identify risk factors and evaluate the impact of various facial fractures and reconstruction surgeries on postoperative weight change. Methods: Retrospective, monocentric study was performed at a tertiary care center. Medical history, type and mechanism of fracture, operative factors, and postoperative weights at follow-up appointments for 145 adult patients undergoing surgical repair for maxillofacial fractures were collected. Further information was obtained on postoperative...

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first state-of-the-art review assessing steroid eluting bioabsorbable stent evidence. Despite the effort in recent years, still several questions remain unanswered. This review will hopefully guide future research efforts to better define the role of SEBI in the otolaryngology practice.

CONCLUSIONS: The addition of voice therapy to medications and diet appears to be more effective in improving treatment outcomes in subjects with LPR. Voice therapy warrants consideration in addition to medication and diet when treating patients with LPR.

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CONCLUSIONS: Biologic therapies have surfaced as a promising treatment option for patients with severe or refractory CRSwNP; however, the optimal patient population, dosage, and treatment duration are yet to be defined. The application of AI in decision-making protocols and the creation of therapeutic algorithms for biologic drug selection, could offer fascinating future prospects in the management of CRSwNP.

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CONCLUSION: Although tracheostomies in children can encompass several indications, practices across the world are similar and aim to offer a life as normal as possible for these children.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was one of the most common symptom of infection with the Wuhan strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and could persist for several months after symptom onset. The pathogenesis of prolonged OD remains poorly understood but probably involves sustained viral replication associated with limited mucosal immune response to the virus. This prospective study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral...

CONCLUSION: The wearing of an SM during VA should always be recommended in case of immunodeficiency, a contagious disease of the patient or during a (new) pandemic.

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CONCLUSION: Office-based blue laser therapy is an effective treatment for vocal fold polyps and Reinke's edema leading to complete or partial disease regression. All patients had improvement in voice quality.

CONCLUSIONS: Perception, adoption, and knowledge about TORS play a key role in the application of the robotic system, significantly varying across subspecialties.

CONCLUSION: Differential treatment, or microaggressions, related to personal characteristics or behavior varied in the United States and Europe with more ethnicity-based microaggressions in the United States and physical characteristic-based microaggressions in Europe. In both regions, females were more subject to microaggressions than males. More efforts are needed to tackle microaggressions and discrimination in the clinical and academic workplace of the Western otolaryngology community.

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CONCLUSION: LVC is a rare laryngeal cancer associated with better survival and recurrence outcomes than laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment regimen needs to be investigated in future prospective controlled studies.

CONCLUSION: Along with the advent of ML technology, an improvement of the information regarding the potential risks of FNI associated with patients before each procedure may be achieved with the implementation of clinical, radiological, histological, and/or cytological data.

CONCLUSION: Laryngopharyngeal reflux is a challenging ear, nose, and throat condition associated with poor therapeutic responses and a long-term burden in Western countries. Artificial intelligence should be used for developing personalized therapeutic strategies based on patient features.

CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT-4 may be an adjunctive theoretical tool in oncological board simple decisions.

CONCLUSIONS: Chat-GPT demonstrates potential as a valuable resource for OSA diagnosis, especially where access to specialists is limited. The study emphasizes the importance of AI-human collaboration, with Chat-GPT serving as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for medical professionals. This research contributes to the discourse in otolaryngology and encourages further exploration of AI-driven healthcare applications. While Chat-GPT exhibits a commendable level of consensus with...

(1) Background: This narrative review aims to explore the predictors of success for pharyngeal surgery in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). An extensive literature search was conducted, identifying relevant studies published up to June 2023, utilizing various databases and key search terms related to OSA, surgical interventions, and predictors of success. The review encompasses both retrospective and prospective studies, case series, and cohort studies to provide a broad...

CONCLUSION: A global consensus definition for LPR is presented to improve detection and diagnosis of the disease for otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and primary care practitioners. The approved statements are offered to improve collaborative research by adopting common and validated diagnostic approaches to LPR.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common cancer among head and neck cancers. Despite a lower incidence of laryngeal carcinoma, new diagnostic techniques, and more targeted therapies, the overall survival has not changed significantly in the last decades, leading to a negative prognosis in advanced stages. Recently, several studies have focused on the identification of biomarkers that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of LSCC. Reviewing the literature on the...

The velopalatine sphincter is a muscular valve that creates a hermetic seal between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx. It guarantees phonation, swallowing, and breathing (forces expirations). In wind musicians, sphincter closure must be precise during sound generation. Its failure will cause velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and the end of professional success. The objective of this article was to conduct a state-of-art review of VPI in wind musicians with a systematic approach based on the...

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the recent literature on epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment, and survival of laryngeal verrucous cell carcinoma (LVC).

CONCLUSION: The collection of several saliva pepsin samples improves the detection rate of LPR. In case of high clinical LPR suspicion and negative pepsin test, a HEMII-pH study could provide further diagnostic information.

The objective of this manuscript was to review the indications, efficacy, and safety of a 585 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) in non-malignant laryngeal lesions. Following the PRISMA statement recommendations, three independent authors searched for articles published in PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scielo, and Web of Science. A bias analysis was performed following NICE guidance tools. From the 506 identified publications, 19 observational studies met the inclusion criteria....

CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation indicate that the prevalence of LPR-related symptoms is higher using the RSS in comparison to the RSI.

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Despite the fact that turbinate surgery provides satisfactory results regarding nasal obstruction, most of these procedures are destructive, to some extent, for the respiratory epithelium. There are valid hypotheses suggesting either that turbinate surgery may improve mucociliary clearance (MCC) by improving rhinitis, as well hypotheses suggesting that these surgeries may impair it by damaging the nasal ciliated epithelia. This systematic review is designed with the objective of exploring the...

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CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a potential role of the VAS score for the screening of olfactory dysfunction in severe CRSwNP in daily clinical practice.

We read with pleasure the interesting paper titled "Social Representations of "Tinnitus" and "Health" among Individuals with Tinnitus Seeking Online Psychological Interventions" by Vinaya Manchaiah et al. [...].

CONCLUSIONS: Patients who receive dupilumab treatment may experience a faster recovery of olfactory function compared to those receiving corticosteroid therapy. This result would be maintained regardless of the severity of type 2 CRSwNP inflammation, the volume of the polyps, or the patient's subjective symptomatology.

CONCLUSIONS: The Provox XtraSeal^(®) is a cost-effective option in patients with increased prosthesis replacements due to periprosthetic leakage, reducing the number of replacements, increasing the duration of the prosthesis, and providing savings compared to Provox Vega^(®).

(1) Background: Non-squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma includes endothelial tumors, such as minor salivary gland tumors, lymphoepithelial tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, soft and hard tissue sarcomas, and malignant melanomas. (2) Methods: A state-of-the-art review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases was performed. (3) Conclusions: In order to optimize overall treatment outcomes, a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach to the...

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the comparative effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy and sildenafil pharmacological therapy in improving sexual function among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and erectile dysfunction (ED). Materials and methods: Population: Patients affected by OSA and ED; Intervention: CPAP therapy vs. Comparison: Sildenafil pharmacological therapy; Outcomes: Improvement in erectile function, as measured by the...

CONCLUSIONS: Until further prospective data are available, our CCS should provide a useful reference for PedTH management. PedTH should be considered a nasal obstructive disease not necessarily related to an adult condition but frequently associated with other nasal or craniofacial disorders. Diagnosis requires clinical examination and endoscopy, whereas rhinomanometry, nasal cytology, and questionnaires have little clinical role. Treatment choice should consider the specific indications and...

CONCLUSION: Coblator adenoidectomy appears to offer better adenoid control compared to curettage, with a possible, although not confirmed lower rate of revision surgery. Similarly, this greater resection of adenoid tissue seems to be related to a greater reduction of nasal obstruction. The advantages of this technique are mainly less surgical bleeding-although it is not clear this is a clinically relevant difference, and less postoperative pain compared to cold curettage. The difference in pain...

CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the vast majority of health professionals working in head-and-neck surgery rooms in France felt concerned about climate issues and were ready to make an effort. Nevertheless, it seems important to carry out information campaigns dedicated to these environmental issues.

CONCLUSION: Chat-GPT represents a promising tool in the clinical decision-making process within the salivary gland clinic, particularly for patients who are candidates for sialendoscopy treatment. Additionally, it serves as a valuable source of information for patients. However, further development is necessary to enhance the reliability of these tools and ensure their safety and optimal use in the clinical setting.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the clinical practice, patients affected by chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) commonly complain of otologic symptoms. This review aims to describe the available literature evidence assessing the relationship between CRS and ear illnesses published in the last 5 years.

Autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (HL) typically occurs when only one dominant allele within the disease gene is sufficient to express the phenotype. Therefore, most patients diagnosed with autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL have a hearing-impaired parent, although de novo mutations should be considered in all cases of negative family history. To date, more than 50 genes and 80 loci have been identified for autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL. DFNA22 (MYO6 gene), DFNA8/12 (TECTA...

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent condition. CRS is usually managed with intranasal corticosteroids, useful both before as well as after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). However, the greatest drawback of these low-volume sprays is the inadequate delivery into the paranasal sinuses, even after ESS. Recent studies have shown that high-volume steroid nasal rinse (HSNR) has a significantly better penetration of the paranasal sinuses. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to...

The objective of this study is to investigate adoption, perception, and awareness of otolaryngologist-head neck surgeons (OTO-HNS) toward transoral robotic surgery (TORS) according to the surgeon experience. A total of 1,383 OTO-HNS of YO-IFOS and IFOS received an online survey dedicated to the adoption, perception, and awareness toward TORS. The following outcomes were compared between residents and fellows, young/middle-aged and older OTO-HNS: awareness/perception; indications; advantages;...

CONCLUSION: FTS is a safe and effective approach for thyroid benign and malignant lesions. FTS reports similar complications to conventional thyroidectomy and excellent cosmetic satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS: Tissue augmentation treatment is a minimally invasive, biocompatible and safe solution that temporarily resolves periprosthetic leaks in many cases. There is no standard technique or material, and treatment needs to be individualised according to the experience of the practitioner and the characteristics of the patient. Future randomised studies are needed to confirm these results.

CONCLUSIONS: There is no general consensus on the indications and ideal technique for turbinate reduction in children. This dissension arises mainly from the lack of scientific evidence. The points with highest agreement (>75%) between respondents is the use of nasal steroids prior to surgery; reintroducing nasal steroids in allergic patients; and performing turbinate surgery as day-case surgery.

CONCLUSION: Artificial intelligence could be applied to patients with symptoms related to OSA to identify individuals with a severe OSA risk with clinical-based algorithms in the OSA framework.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review can neither confirm nor deny the presence of an association between AR and caries. Despite the evidence is very scarce to conclude a relationship between AR and caries, the option for examining patients with repetitive caries by an otolaryngologist and those with AR by odontologist should be considered, as these examinations do not possess any risk for the patient.

CONCLUSION: This prospective cohort study shows the short-term efficacy of transcanal endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty with mastoid preservation for managing advanced chronic mucosal otitis media. Clinical trials are required to give more evidence to the present matter.

CONCLUSION: Mastoid obliteration and EAC reconstruction are effective procedures to treat troublesome post canal wall down mastoid cavities. They improve quality of life and enable patients to overcome ear discharge. A standard EAC size enables the utilization of conventional hearing aids, it also reduces the need for constant mastoid cleaning and decreases healthcare expenses. The PAA flap seems to be an effective procedure to achieve all these features, as it is used to obliterate the mastoid...

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CONCLUSION: Our modification of the IVORY Guidelines is otolaryngology-specific, suitable, and recommended to evaluate parotidectomy videos. To date, most videos are of poor educational quality. Future efforts in otolaryngology surgical video education could focus on the establishment of an online video platform.

CONCLUSION: Psychometric analyses support the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the nasal domains of SNOT-22 to assess the impact on HRQoL in patients with CRSwNP.

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Currently, some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being studied for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Three anti-IL-5 mAb: mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab, have been tested through randomized clinical trials. In this real-life study, we aimed to describe the nasal effects of a cohort of asthmatic adults treated with anti-IL-5 mAb. Methods: We carried out an observational study in adults (≥18 years) on anti-IL-5 mAb treatment. Variables included ACT and SNOT−22...

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CONCLUSIONS: CRSwNP needs a complex and time-consuming assessment, according to the latest guidelines. There seems to be a gap between these recommendations and the real-world data, which should draw more attention to bringing them into uniform clinical practice in the near future.

CONCLUSIONS: BRP appears to be an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of OSA. The non-positional patients might benefit more from BRP in comparison with positional patients. Moreover, OSA severity should not be considered an absolute contra-indication for this surgical procedure.

CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity amongst the included studies prevents us from obtaining solid conclusions. The available evidence suggests that minimally invasive base of tongue procedures may present a wide spectrum of complication rates, ranging from 4.4% in tongue base radiofrequency to up to 42.42% in tongue base ablation.

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CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis found a positive effect of pediatric maxillary expansion in conductive hearing loss in well-select children. However, results cannot be extrapolated for children with conductive hearing loss without an accompanying orthodontic indication (maxillary constriction). It showed that the existing prospective studies exhibited qualitative pitfalls, limiting the ability to obtain conclusive evidence about the role of pediatric maxillary expansion on...

CONCLUSION: This flap represents an easy to harvest and versatile free flap with low donor-site morbidity and multiple proven uses in head & neck reconstruction. We therefore encourage reconstructive surgeons to include this flap in their armoury, either as a first or as a second-line option.

CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, level IIb ND should be considered in patients who underwent therapeutic ND with positive LN metastasis in level IIa or III, advanced oropharyngeal primary tumors, and patients with ENE, independently of p16 status. Prospective data are necessary to definitively ensure the safety of omitting ipsilateral or contralateral level IIb ND in cN - patients with early stage disease.

CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review revealed the findings significantly associated with dysphagia in post-cerebrovascular patients. Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing proved to be the most used method in the literature, effective in identifying early predictors of dysphagia. Given the presence of different assessing scores employed and reduced study samples enrolled, further studies with large courts are necessary for a greater significance.

Objectives: To review the evidence regarding olfaction in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Methods:Conducting a scoping review of studies evaluating olfactory sense in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Online databases were searched and studies evaluating laryngopharyngeal reflux impact on other nasal functions were excluded. Other exclusion criteria were the presence of severe nasal anatomical issues, rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps in the study group....

CONCLUSIONS: Young otolaryngologists (YO) mobilized in COVID-19 units reported higher hours worked, nights on call, and alcohol consumption compared with others. Future large cohort-studies are needed to confirm our observations.

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CONCLUSION: This survey has broadened the scope regarding H&N surgical safety around the globe. Identifying innovative ways in which surgical care may be improved is mandatory.

Background: To assess the long-term outcomes and independent predictors of surgical success of a one-stage minimally invasive surgical procedure for congenital choanal atresia (C.C.A.). Methods: a retrospective multicentric study was conducted between 2010 and 2022. An endonasal endoscopic approach was performed in 38 unilateral or bilateral C.C.A. children. All the patients were clinically and radiologically assessed and followed for at least 2 years. Seven outcome measures were applied....

CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study supports the use of the decongestant test with rhinomanometry to select children for adenoidectomy; especially as it has proven to be a simple technique, harmless, fast, and easily performed on collaborative children.

CONCLUSION: The suggested high prevalence of LPRD should alarm the treating physician to the need for a thorough otolaryngologic examination in patients presenting with severe GERD, particularly those in whom the LPR symptoms may be masked by the typical symptoms of GERD.

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